Before talking about the coverages, you need to talk about preparing surfaces for these coatings

Especially important is the quality of surface preparation, if the need to obtain a uniform thickness of nano-coating and thus to obtain the structure of the material in the coating layer is not different from the usual material

If the coating is applied to solar panels, the basis for such a panel - a thin metal sheet, whose surface is coated to be polished and has a perfect geometric form, in combination with a minimum height of asperities

How to obtain a surface of the panel, whose dimensions in relation to its thickness exceeds a thousand times in the last

In his time at the enterprises producing blade contacts of beryllium bronze, beryllium copper sheets calibration was carried out on special roller crates in which the quality of calibration provides very accurate adjustment of the parallelism of rolls

This accuracy was achieved with the invention of the USSR № 766685, whereby the roll cage have been upgraded and mechanisms of control of roll cages were introduced by original coupling-clutch

Implementation of this invention allowed to forget about problems with the release of blades to the terminal blocks of the strategic missile control systems

A similar solution should give the result in the calibration sheet in front of the nano-coated
Now you should go directly to the most coverage

What are the options?

Engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have shown that making the surface of silicon solar cells in the form of inverted pyramids can reduce its consumption and increase the proportion of absorbed radiation. The work was published in the journal Nano Letters, a description can be found on the website of the institute.
Creating indentations in silicon increases the fraction of absorbed light, but it also increases the surface area of the material.

With the increase in surface area increases and the probability that the excited electrons do not go light on the creation of an electrical voltage, and recombine, and devour. Therefore, the authors of the task was to maximize the absorption of light by silicon, while the lowest increase its surface area.

For this study the authors first conducted mathematical modeling, and then check the results by creating a prototype of the surface.

It turned out that most effectively build on the silicon surface depressions in the form of inverted tetrahedral pyramids. The area in this case increases by only 70 percent, and the thickness of the silicon layer at the same fraction of light absorbed can be reduced by a factor of 30.

Creating microstructures was carried out by conventional photolithography and did not require the introduction of additional processes.

By calculations of the authors, the energy efficiency of new cells to be about 20 percent, which is not much less than 24 percent of today's best solar panels. However, the new solar cells should be significantly cheaper than their predecessors.

Earlier, another group of researchers reported the creation of a record of thin solar cells. Their developers have not sought to achieve maximum energy efficiency (it was a modest four percent), and the radical weight reduction products. These solar cells are useful for creating space vehicles and drones.

In addition, developed, and other technology:

The engineers have shown that the thickness of the layer of amorphous silicon solar cells can be reduced to, if you put it in the folds of the dielectric. The work was published in the journal Nano Letters, a brief content can be found at the site of the University of North Carolina.

Scientists have found that a layer of amorphous silicon absorbs sunlight and converts it into electricity, when to give it the shape of the folds. Silicon layer thickness of 70 nm, the shape of the folds, absorbs the same fraction of radiation, as well as a flat layer of thickness 400 nm.

A layer of amorphous silicon authors placed in the "sandwich" between two layers of dielectric.

To do this, first on the dielectric surface by photolithography received classical microscopic folds, and then they sprayed a layer of amorphous silicon.

On top of another layer of dielectric.

Scientists have shown that the efficiency of the developed scheme depends primarily on the ratio of the thickness of the layers of silicon and insulator, and not on their chemical nature. The same design can be applied to increase the sensitivity of photo-detectors, sensors, solid-state LEDs.

Previously, engineers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have shown that a layer of silicon solar cells can be reduced by applying it in the form of microscopic inverted pyramids.

To create such a structure, the authors also used the method of photolithography, but the photocells, which was devoted to work does not consist of amorphous and crystalline silicon.

Another group of researchers has recently developed consisting of a carbon nanotube solar cells that absorb infrared radiation. It carries about 40 percent of the energy of the sun, but not used in solar cells on silicon. The researchers suggested the use of carbon solar panels as an additional outer layer to the silicon.

Particularly important role in the application of nano-technology coating is selected the system control of coating thickness

Here it makes sense to think of nuclear magnetic resonance:

Physicists first time succeeded in nuclear magnetic resonance parameters for plutonium. He was the last element for which these parameters remained unknown. According to the researchers, the new findings will help in studying the chemical properties of the compounds of this element and, consequently, will clarify the processes of nuclear waste. The article appeared in the scientific journal Science, as it gives a summary of New Scientist.

The phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance was discovered in the 30s of last century and is the absorption or emission of electromagnetic energy by nuclei with half-integer spin in a strong magnetic field.

The discovery of this effect, among other things, led to a method of magnetic resonance imaging, as well as the emergence of new methods for studying the composition of various substances.

To use these methods, you must first know the "response" to the core magnetic field. The final nucleus with half-integer spin, for which a response was not known, was plutonium. Now, scientists were able to solve this problem. According to researchers, managed to do it by placing the samples are extremely pure plutonium oxide in a strong (4 to 8 Tesla) magnetic field at a temperature of 4 Kelvin.

According to the researchers themselves, in time they are not fully believe in the success of the enterprise - the fact that the calculated structure tried unsuccessfully over the past 50 years.

Now that the parameters of nuclear magnetic resonance are known, scientists plan to use them for study, such as nuclear waste. "In theory you could take a sample of waste, and quite cheap, safe and easy to identify very precisely the conditions under which such waste should be stored," - said one of the authors of Georgis Koutrolakis New Scientist magazine about the prospects of the method.

Inventions relating to high-speed coating technology has not yet been published in the press, but some elements of this technology is worth mentioning:

• Is to create a directional flow perpendicular to the coated surface of the electrolyte
• Is the use of volume-porous insoluble anodes made of carbon-carbon composite materials, materials in which the reaction surface area of contact of at least 100,000 times greater than the corresponding area of the metal electrode
• A reduction of the gap between the electrode and the coated surface to 1-2 mm
• A synchronous rotation of the composite anodes in a plane parallel to the substrate

When the coatings of this technology, the difference in coating thickness was 200 mm panel less than 1 micron